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Redis服务器的分布式缓存
发布日期:2016-4-24 11:4:1

  Redis服务器的分布式缓存

  一、介绍

  在这篇文章中,我想介绍一种最紧凑的安装与配置Redis服务器的方式。此外,我想简短地概述一下在.NET / C#客户端下Redis hash(哈希类型)与list(链表)的使用。

  在这篇文章主要讲以下几个内容:

  1.   安装Redis服务器(附完整的应用程序文件设置)
  2.   Redis服务器保护(配置身份验证)
  3.   配置服务器复制
  4.   从C#应用程序访问缓存
  5.   使用Redis ASP.NET会话状态
  6.   Redis 集合(Set)、列表(List)和事务处理用法示例
  7.   说明附加的源(Redis Funq LoC MVC项目:举例)
  8.   缓存的优化思路

  二、背景

  Redis是最快也是功能最丰富的内存Key-Value数据存储系统之一。

  1.缺点

 redis有以下缺点:

  •   没有本地数据缓存(如在Azure缓存同步本地数据缓存)
  •   没有完全集群化的支持(不过,可能今年年底会实现)

  2.优点

  redis有以下优点:

  •   易于配置
  •   使用简单
  •   高性能
  •   支持不同的数据类型(如hash(哈希类型)、list(链表)、set(集合)、sorted set(有序集))
  •   ASP.NET会话集成
  •   Web UI用于浏览缓存内容

  下面我将简单说明如何在服务器上安装与配置Redis,并用C#使用它。

  三、Redis的安装

  1.redis的安装地址如下:

  从https://github.com/dmajkic/redis/downloads(win32 win64直接链接)下载二进制文件,解包档案到应用程序目录(如C:\Program Files\Redis)

  下载从https://github.com/kcherenkov/redis-windows-service/downloads编译的Redis服务,然后复制到程序文件夹(如C:\Program Files\Redis)。若配置文件丢失,也可以下载复制到应用程序目录。有效的Redis配置文件的范例在https://raw.github.com/antirez/redis/2.6/redis.conf。

  Redis应用程序的完整文件也可以从压缩文件(x64)得到。

  当你拥有了全套的应用程序文件,如图1所示:


  图1

  导航到应用程序目录,然后运行以下所示的命令:

  sc create %name% binpath= "\"%binpath%\" %configpath%" start= "auto" DisplayName= "Redis"

  注释:

  •   %name%——服务实例的名称,例如:redis-instance;
  •   %binpath%——到项目exe文件的路径,例如:C:\Program Files\Redis\RedisService_1.1.exe;
  •   %configpath%——到Redis配置文件的路径,例如:C:\Program Files\Redis\redis.conf;

  例:

  sc create Redis start= auto DisplayName= Redis binpath= "\"C:\Program Files\Redis\RedisService_1.1.exe\

  " \"C:\Program Files\Redis\redis.conf\""

  即应该是这样的,如图2所示:


  图2

  请确保有足够的权限启动该服务。安装完毕后,请检查该服务是否创建成功,检查当前是否正在运行,如图3所示:


  图3

  或者,你也可以使用安装程序(我没试过):https://github.com/rgl/redis/downloads。

  2.Redis服务器保护:密码,IP过滤

  使用Windows防火墙或者活跃的网络连接属性设置IP过滤是保护Redis服务器的主要方式(类似mssql)。此外,还可以使用Redis密码设置额外保护。这需要用下面所示的方式更新Redis配置文件(redis.conf):

  首先,找到这行,如下所示:

  # requirepass foobared

  删除开头的#符号,用新密码替换foobared,如下所示:

  requirepass foobared

  然后,重新启动Redis Windows服务!

  当具体使用客户端的时候,使用带密码的构造函数,如下所示:

  RedisClient client = new RedisClient(serverHost, port, redisPassword);

  3.Redis服务器复制(主—从配置)

  Redis支持主从同步,即,每次主服务器修改,从服务器得到通知,并自动同步。大多复制用于读取(但不能写)扩展和数据冗余和服务器故障转移。设置两个Redis实例(在相同或不同服务器上的两个服务),然后配置其中之一作为从站。为了让Redis服务器实例是另一台服务器的从属,可以这样更改配置文件:

  找到以下代码,如下所示:

  # slaveof

  替换为下面所示的代码:

  slaveof 192.168.1.1 6379

  (可以自定义指定主服务器的真实IP和端口)。如果主服务器配置为需要密码(验证),可以如下所示改变redis.conf,找到这一行代码:

  # masterauth

  删除开头的#符号,用主服务器的密码替换,即下面所示的代码:

  masterauth mastpassword

  现在这个Redis实例可以被用来作为主服务器的只读同步副本。

  4.用C#代码使用Redis缓存

  用C#代码使用Redis运行Manage NuGet包插件,找到ServiceStack.Redis包,并进行安装。如图4所示:


  图4

  直接从实例化客户端使用Set/Get方法示例,如下所示:

  string host = "localhost";

  string elementKey = "testKeyRedis";

  using (RedisClient redisClient = new RedisClient(host))

  {

  if (redisClient.Get(elementKey) == null)

  {

  // adding delay to see the difference

  Thread.Sleep(5000);

  // save value in cache

  redisClient.Set(elementKey, "some cached value");

  }

  // get value from the cache by key

  message = "Item value is: " + redisClient.Get("some cached value");

  }

  类型化实体集更有意思、更实用,这是因为它们操作的是确切类型的对象,也在很多数据库也有用,如mssql。在下面的代码示例中,有两个类分别定义为Phone与Person——phone的主人。每个phone实例引用它的主人。下面的代码演示我们如何通过标准添加、删除与发现缓存项,如下所示

  public class Phone

  {

  public int Id { get; set; }

  public string Model { get; set; }

  public string Manufacturer { get; set; }

  public Person Owner { get; set; }

  }

  public class Person

  {

  public int Id { get; set; }

  public string Name { get; set; }

  public string Surname { get; set; }

  public int Age { get; set; }

  public string Profession { get; set; }

  }

  using (RedisClient redisClient = new RedisClient(host))

  {

  IRedisTypedClient phones = redisClient.As();

  Phone phoneFive = phones.GetValue("5");

  if (phoneFive == null)

  {

  // make a small delay

  Thread.Sleep(5000);

  // creating a new Phone entry

  phoneFive = new Phone

  {

  Id = 5,

  Manufacturer = "Motorolla",

  Model = "xxxxx",

  Owner = new Person

  {

  Id = 1,

  Age = 90,

  Name = "OldOne",

  Profession = "sportsmen",

  Surname = "OldManSurname"

  }

  };

  // adding Entry to the typed entity set

  phones.SetEntry(phoneFive.Id.ToString(), phoneFive);

  }

  message = "Phone model is " + phoneFive.Manufacturer;

  message += "Phone Owner Name is: " + phoneFive.Owner.Name;

  }

  在上面所示例子中,我们实例化了输入端IRedisTypedClient,它与缓存对象的特定类型——Phone类型一起工作。

  5.Redis ASP.NET会话状态

  要用Redis提供商配置ASP.NET会话状态,添加新文件到你的Web项目,命名为RedisSessionStateProvider.cs,可以从https://github.com/chadman/redis-service-provider/raw/master/RedisProvider/SessionProvider/RedisSessionProvider.cs复制代码,然后添加或更改配置文件中的以下部分(sessionState标签已经内置于system.web标签),或者你也可以下载附加来源与复制代码。

  customprovider="RedisSessionStateProvider" cookieless="false">

  type="RedisProvider.SessionProvider.CustomServiceProvider"

  server="localhost" port="6379" password="pasword">

  请注意,这个密码是可以选择的,看服务器是否需要认证。它必须被真实的值替换或者删除,如果Redis服务器不需要身份验证,那么服务器属性与端口得由具体的数值代替(默认端口为6379)。然后在项目中,你才可以使用会话状态,如下所示:

  // in the Global.asax

  public class MvcApplication1 : System.Web.HttpApplication

  {

  protected void Application_Start()

  {

  //....

  }

  protected void Session_Start()

  {

  Session["testRedisSession"] = "Message from the redis ression";

  }

  }

  在Home controller(主控制器),如下所示:

  public class HomeController : Controller

  {

  public ActionResult Index()

  {

  //...

  ViewBag.Message = Session["testRedisSession"];

  return View();

  }

  //...

  }

  结果如图5所示:


  图5

  ASP.NET输出缓存提供者,并且Redis可以用类似的方式进行配置。

  6.Redis Set(集合)与List(列表)

  在这里主要要注意的是,Redis列表实现IList,而Redis集合实现ICollection。下面我们来说说如何使用它们。

  当需要区分相同类型的不同分类对象时,使用列表。例如,我们有“mostSelling(热销手机)”与“oldCollection(回收手机)”两个列表,如下所示:

  string host = "localhost";

  using (var redisClient = new RedisClient(host))

  {

  //Create a 'strongly-typed' API that makes all Redis Value operations to apply against Phones

  IRedisTypedClient redis = redisClient.As();

  IRedisList mostSelling = redis.Lists["urn:phones:mostselling"];

  IRedisList oldCollection = redis.Lists["urn:phones:oldcollection"];

  Person phonesOwner = new Person

  {

  Id = 7,

  Age = 90,

  Name = "OldOne",

  Profession = "sportsmen",

  Surname = "OldManSurname"

  };

  // adding new items to the list

  mostSelling.Add(new Phone

  {

  Id = 5,

  Manufacturer = "Sony",

  Model = "768564564566",

  Owner = phonesOwner

  });

  oldCollection.Add(new Phone

  {

  Id = 8,

  Manufacturer = "Motorolla",

  Model = "324557546754",

  Owner = phonesOwner

  });

  var upgradedPhone = new Phone

  {

  Id = 3,

  Manufacturer = "LG",

  Model = "634563456",

  Owner = phonesOwner

  };

  mostSelling.Add(upgradedPhone);

  // remove item from the list

  oldCollection.Remove(upgradedPhone);

  // find objects in the cache

  IEnumerable LGPhones = mostSelling.Where(ph => ph.Manufacturer == "LG");

  // find specific

  Phone singleElement = mostSelling.FirstOrDefault(ph => ph.Id == 8);

  //reset sequence and delete all lists

  redis.SetSequence(0);

  redisClient.Remove("urn:phones:mostselling");

  redisClient.Remove("urn:phones:oldcollection");

  }

  当需要存储相关的数据集和收集统计信息,例如answer -> queustion给答案或问题投票时,Redis集合就非常好使。假设我们有很多的问题(queustion)和答案(answer ),需要将它们存储在缓存中。使用Redis,我们可以这么做。如下所示:

  ///

  /// Gets or sets the Redis Manager. The built-in IoC used with ServiceStack autowires this property.

  ///

  IRedisClientsManager RedisManager { get; set; }

  ///

  /// Delete question by performing compensating actions to

  /// StoreQuestion() to keep the datastore in a consistent state

  ///

  ///

  public void DeleteQuestion(long questionId)

  {

  using (var redis = RedisManager.GetClient())

  {

  var redisQuestions = redis.As();

  var question = redisQuestions.GetById(questionId);

  if (question == null) return;

  //decrement score in tags list

  question.Tags.ForEach(tag => redis.IncrementItemInSortedSet("urn:tags", tag, -1));

  //remove all related answers

  redisQuestions.DeleteRelatedEntities(questionId);

  //remove this question from user index

  redis.RemoveItemFromSet("urn:user>q:" + question.UserId, questionId.ToString());

  //remove tag => questions index for each tag

  question.Tags.ForEach("urn:tags>q:" + tag.ToLower(), questionId.ToString()));

  redisQuestions.DeleteById(questionId);

  }

  }

  public void StoreQuestion(Question question)

  {

  using (var redis = RedisManager.GetClient())

  {

  var redisQuestions = redis.As();

  if (question.Tags == null) question.Tags = new List();

  if (question.Id == default(long))

  {

  question.Id = redisQuestions.GetNextSequence();

  question.CreatedDate = DateTime.UtcNow;

  //Increment the popularity for each new question tag

  question.Tags.ForEach(tag => redis.IncrementItemInSortedSet("urn:tags", tag, 1));

  }

  redisQuestions.Store(question);

  redisQuestions.AddToRecentsList(question);

  redis.AddItemToSet("urn:user>q:" + question.UserId, question.Id.ToString());

  //Usage of tags - Populate tag => questions index for each tag

  question.Tags.ForEach(tag => redis.AddItemToSet

  ("urn:tags>q:" + tag.ToLower(), question.Id.ToString()));

  }

  }

  ///

  /// Delete Answer by performing compensating actions to

  /// StoreAnswer() to keep the datastore in a consistent state

  ///

  ///

  ///

  public void DeleteAnswer(long questionId, long answerId)

  {

  using (var redis = RedisManager.GetClient())

  {

  var answer = redis.As().GetRelatedEntities

  (questionId).FirstOrDefault(x => x.Id == answerId);

  if (answer == null) return;

  redis.As().DeleteRelatedEntity(questionId, answerId);

  //remove user => answer index

  redis.RemoveItemFromSet("urn:user>a:" + answer.UserId, answerId.ToString());

  }

  }

  public void StoreAnswer(Answer answer)

  {

  using (var redis = RedisManager.GetClient())

  {

  if (answer.Id == default(long))

  {

  answer.Id = redis.As().GetNextSequence();

  answer.CreatedDate = DateTime.UtcNow;

  }

  //Store as a 'Related Answer' to the parent Question

  redis.As().StoreRelatedEntities(answer.QuestionId, answer);

  //Populate user => answer index

  redis.AddItemToSet("urn:user>a:" + answer.UserId, answer.Id.ToString());

  }

  }

  public List GetAnswersForQuestion(long questionId)

  {

  using (var redis = RedisManager.GetClient())

  {

  return redis.As().GetRelatedEntities(questionId);

  }

  }

  public void VoteQuestionUp(long userId, long questionId)

  {

  //Populate Question => User and User => Question set indexes in a single transaction

  RedisManager.ExecTrans(trans =>

  {

  //Register upvote against question and remove any downvotes if any

  trans.QueueCommand(redis =>

  redis.AddItemToSet("urn:q>user+:" + questionId, userId.ToString()));

  trans.QueueCommand(redis =>

  redis.RemoveItemFromSet("urn:q>user-:" + questionId, userId.ToString()));

  //Register upvote against user and remove any downvotes if any

  trans.QueueCommand(redis =>

  redis.AddItemToSet("urn:user>q+:" + userId, questionId.ToString()));

  trans.QueueCommand(redis =>

  redis.RemoveItemFromSet("urn:user>q-:" + userId, questionId.ToString()));

  });

  }

  public void VoteQuestionDown(long userId, long questionId)

  {

  //Populate Question => User and User => Question set indexes in a single transaction

  RedisManager.ExecTrans(trans =>

  {

  //Register downvote against question and remove any upvotes if any

  trans.QueueCommand(redis =>

  redis.AddItemToSet("urn:q>user-:" + questionId, userId.ToString()));

  trans.QueueCommand(redis =>

  redis.RemoveItemFromSet("urn:q>user+:" + questionId, userId.ToString()));

  //Register downvote against user and remove any upvotes if any

  trans.QueueCommand(redis =>

  redis.AddItemToSet"urn:user>q-:" + userId, questionId.ToString()));

  trans.QueueCommand(redis =>

  redis.RemoveItemFromSet("urn:user>q+:" + userId, questionId.ToString()));

  });

  }

  public void VoteAnswerUp(long userId, long answerId)

  {

  //Populate Question => User and User => Question set indexes in a single transaction

  RedisManager.ExecTrans(trans =>

  {

  //Register upvote against answer and remove any downvotes if any

  trans.QueueCommand(redis =>

  redis.AddItemToSet("urn:a>user+:" + answerId, userId.ToString()));

  trans.QueueCommand(redis =>

  redis.RemoveItemFromSet("urn:a>user-:" + answerId, userId.ToString()));

  //Register upvote against user and remove any downvotes if any

  trans.QueueCommand(redis =>

  redis.AddItemToSet("urn:user>a+:" + userId, answerId.ToString()));

  trans.QueueCommand(redis =>

  redis.RemoveItemFromSet("urn:user>a-:" + userId, answerId.ToString()));

  });

  }

  public void VoteAnswerDown(long userId, long answerId)

  {

  //Populate Question => User and User => Question set indexes in a single transaction

  RedisManager.ExecTrans(trans =>

  {

  //Register downvote against answer and remove any upvotes if any

  trans.QueueCommand(redis =>

  redis.AddItemToSet("urn:a>user-:" + answerId, userId.ToString()));

  trans.QueueCommand(redis =>

  redis.RemoveItemFromSet("urn:a>user+:" + answerId, userId.ToString()));

  //Register downvote against user and remove any upvotes if any

  trans.QueueCommand(redis =>

  redis.AddItemToSet("urn:user>a-:" + userId, answerId.ToString()));

  trans.QueueCommand(redis =>

  redis.RemoveItemFromSet("urn:user>a+:" + userId, answerId.ToString()));

  });

  }

  public QuestionResult GetQuestion(long questionId)

  {

  var question = RedisManager.ExecAs

  (redisQuestions => redisQuestions.GetById(questionId));

  if (question == null) return null;

  var result = ToQuestionResults(new[] { question })[0];

  var answers = GetAnswersForQuestion(questionId);

  var uniqueUserIds = answers.ConvertAll(x => x.UserId).ToHashSet();

  var usersMap = GetUsersByIds(uniqueUserIds).ToDictionary(x => x.Id);

  result.Answers = answers.ConvertAll(answer =>

  new AnswerResult { Answer = answer, User = usersMap[answer.UserId] });

  return result;

  }

  public List GetUsersByIds(IEnumerable userIds)

  {

  return RedisManager.ExecAs(redisUsers => redisUsers.GetByIds(userIds)).ToList();

  }

  public QuestionStat GetQuestionStats(long questionId)

  {

  using (var redis = RedisManager.GetReadOnlyClient())

  {

  var result = new QuestionStat

  {

  VotesUpCount = redis.GetSetCount("urn:q>user+:" +questionId),

  VotesDownCount = redis.GetSetCount("urn:q>user-:" + questionId)

  };

  result.VotesTotal = result.VotesUpCount - result.VotesDownCount;

  return result;

  }

  }

  public List GetTagsByPopularity(int skip, int take)

  {

  using (var redis = RedisManager.GetReadOnlyClient())

  {

  var tagEntries = redis.GetRangeWithScoresFromSortedSetDesc("urn:tags", skip, take);

  var tags = tagEntries.ConvertAll(kvp => new Tag { Name = kvp.Key, Score = (int)kvp.Value });

  return tags;

  }

  }

  public SiteStats GetSiteStats()

  {

  using (var redis = RedisManager.GetClient())

  {

  return new SiteStats

  {

  QuestionsCount = redis.As().TypeIdsSet.Count,

  AnswersCount = redis.As().TypeIdsSet.Count,

  TopTags = GetTagsByPopularity(0, 10)

  };

  }

  }

  7.附加资源说明

  项目中引用的一些包在packages.config文件中配置。

  Funq IoC的相关配置,以及注册类型与当前控制器目录,在Global.asax文件中配置。

  基于IoC的缓存使用以及Global.asax可以打开以下URL:http://localhost:37447/Question/GetQuestions?tag=test 查看。

  你可以将tag字段设置成test3,test1,test2等。

  Redis缓存配置——在web config文件(节点)以及RedisSessionStateProvider.cs文件中。

  在MVC项目中有很多待办事项,因此,如果你想改进/继续,请更新,并上传。

  如果有人能提供使用Redis(以及Funq IOC)缓存的MVC应用程序示例,本人将不胜感激。Funq IOC已经配置,使用示例已经在Question controller中。

  说明:部分取样于“ServiceStack.Examples-master”解决方案。

  四、结论。优化应用程序缓存以及快速本地缓存

  因为Redis并不在本地存储(也不在本地复制)数据,那么通过在本地缓存区存储一些轻量级或用户依赖的对象(跳过序列化字符串和客户端—服务端数据转换)来优化性能是有意义的。比如,在Web应用中,对于轻量级的对象使用’System.Runtime.Caching.ObjectCache‘ 会更好——用户依赖,并且应用程序时常要用。否则,当经常性地需要使用该对象时,就必须在分布式Redis缓存中存储大量容积的内容。用户依赖的对象举例——个人资料信息,个性化信息 。常用对象——本地化数据,不同用户之间的共享信息,等等。

  下载源代码(Redis Funq LoC MVC 4版本)

  五、链接

  以下为资源的网址:

  •   如何运行Redis服务:https://github.com/kcherenkov/redis-windows-service
  •   文档:http://redis.io/documentation
  •   .NET / C#示例:https://github.com/ServiceStack/ServiceStack.Examples
  •   关于如何用C#在Windows上使用Redis的好建议:http://maxivak.com/getting-started-with-redis-and-asp-net-mvc-under-windows/ 或http://www.piotrwalat.net/using-redis-with-asp-net-web-api/
  •   关于Redis:https://github.com/ServiceStack/ServiceStack.Redis
  •   Azure缓存http://kotugoroshko.blogspot.ae/2013/07/windows-azure-caching-integration.html

  六、许可证

  这篇文章,以及任何相关的源代码与文件,依据The Code Project Open License (CPOL)。